| Science: a : knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b : such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena : NATURAL SCIENCE c: a system or method reconciling practical ends with scientific laws <culinary science> Science, as a body of knowledge can then be defined as a body of knowledge obtained using the scientific method. More formally: : principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. The Scientific Method has been refined and developed to build and combine evidence that can be observed with what people already know about the world. Any scientist must follow certain steps to solve scientific problems. These steps are referred to as the scientific method. The first step in the scientific method is to form a problem or question to solve. The formulation of the problem to be studied may require as much work as the experiment itself. The inquiry involved in the initial research of the problem involves asking questions and locating, interpreting, and processing information from a variety of sources. These other sources could include library information, information from other scientists, or whatever sources are available.. The problem should be stated as a question. The second step of the scientific method is to form a hypothesis about the problem. This is an prediction of the possible outcome of an experiment based upon prior research and observation by the scientist. The hypotheses will determine what data to collect and act as a guide for interpreting the data which is collected. The research plan for testing a hypothesis must insure lack of bias in the experiment, and should include repeated trials, large sample sizes, and objective data-collection techniques. Well designed hypotheses are valuable, even if they turn out not to be true, because they may lead to further investigation and will direct the data collection activities in the experiment. The third step is to design a procedure which tests the hypothesis. This procedure should clearly indicate the materials to be studied in the experiment and the measurements to be taken. There must be two groups included in the experiment, the control, containing all the parts of the experiment except the factor being tested, and the experimental group, containing all the factors of the control group as well as the one factor that is being tested. The control group acts as a basis to compare with the experimental group. There are two types of variables in an experiment. The independent variable is the variable which is changed or manipulated by the investigator. The dependent variable is the variable which is influenced by changes in the independent variable. The example which follows will illustrate some of the information involved in the design of a procedure. The fourth step of the experiment is to organize the results or data collected. This may involved the use of data charts, graphs, tables, or drawings. When a variable is manipulated in an experiment, the data must include the changes in the independent and dependent variables. The scientist will then review these results. This often leads to new hypotheses being formed and additional scientific investigation. The final step of an investigation may be to form a conclusion based upon the data. Using the trends in your experimental data and your experimental observations, the conclusion should try to answer the original problem. A conclusion should be able to assess the correspondence between the predicted result contained in the hypothesis and the actual results, and reach a conclusion as to whether the explanation on which the prediction was based is supported. No assumptions can be made about the results of the experiment past the one and only experimental factor that is being tested. It is critical for the investigator is to communicate the results with others to allow for peer review of the investigation by other scientists. This can be done in a scientific journal, through the Internet, or by other means. Peer Review and Repeatability of Experiments One assumption of science is that other individuals could arrive at the same explanation if they had access to similar evidence. Scientists must make the results of their investigations public. The experimenter should describe the investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations. Scientists use peer review to evaluate the results of scientific investigations and the explanations proposed by other scientists. They analyze the experimental procedures, examine the evidence, identify faulty reasoning, point out statements that go beyond the evidence, and suggest alternative explanations for the same observations. Claims should be questioned if the data are based on samples that are very small, biased, or inadequately controlled or if the conclusions are based on the faulty, incomplete, or misleading use of numbers. The results of an experiment should be questioned if fact and opinion are intermingled, if adequate evidence is not cited, or if the conclusions do not follow logically from the evidence given. Accepting the results of any scientific inquiry involves making judgments about the reliability of the source and relevance of information obtained. Scientific explanations are accepted when they are consistent with experimental evidence and when they lead to accurate predictions about further extensions of the investigation. Theories All scientific explanations are tentative and subject to change or improvement. Each new bit of evidence can create more questions than it answers. This leads to increasingly better understanding of how things work in the our world. When consistency is obtained in repeated scientific investigations of a problem the hypothesis becomes a theory and provides a set of ideas which explain a class of phenomena. A theory is then a framework within which observations are explained and predictions are made. Well-accepted theories are ones that are supported by different kinds of scientific investigations often involving the contributions of many individuals from different disciplines. |